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If you are starting from Arles why are you flying into Barcelona instead of Paris or Lyon? Doing either will save you at least a day of travel and be less expensive.
Another alternative, which worked well for me, is to get a hotel such as Hotel Paris Madrid near the train station in Bayonne - a nice place to walk around by the way - and catch the early train to St. Jean. Go to the Pilgrim Office, see the town, eat lunch and leave in mid-afternoon for the...
As you walk up the hill from the train station into town the Post Office is on the right before you reach the main street. Be advised that shipping from France to Spain is more expensive than within Spain.
It is possible to do this but many municipal and church alburgues will not stay unless you are carrying your own pack. If you are using a service you should absolutely have advance reservations for accommodations, especially this year. Those tour group operators will be blocking rooms wherever...
The ATM's will accept the cards you mention. You will find that with the exception of hotels and places in larger towns you will not be able to use your credit card very often. Plan on using cash from ATM's for most purchases.
I walked from Porto to Santiago in May. It took 10 days and for 5 of those days I saw no other walkers, mostly from Porto to Valenca. I was not particularly concerned about this but it did occur to me that little help would be available if I were to have any problems.
In my experience, for every step I took where sticks would have helped I took 1000's where they would just be excessive baggage. And when you aren't actually using them they are one more thing to keep track of.
You can use the information here: http://www.godesalco.com/plan/frances
to plan you individual itinerary. In addition to the sources mentioned above you can probably get a passport at any alburgue.
EasyJet has a E44 flight from CDG to Biarritz that gets you there at 18:50. It's a relatively short cab ride from there to Bayonne. Sounds easier than what you are planning.
Unless you want to take a taxi for Bayonne to SJPdP there is no way you can get there on the 3rd. The last train leaves at 18:13. The Hotel Paris Madrid is literally next door to the Bayonne station and is a good place to overnight. You can the early train the SJ and time to look around there...
If you are in reasonably good shape-which you should be if you are considering this route - it should take 2 to 2-1/2 hours to get to Orisson and 4-5 hours from there to Roncevalles.
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