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You don't have to book this early, but suggest you do so a month ahead of time - my guess is it's unlikely that the trains get booked out. I've used RailEurope to book my trips as I had problems using the Renfe website. if you're concerned about flexibility, it's possible to pay a bit more so...
Chamartin services the northwestern area of Spain, with Atocha servicing most of the rest of the country, including all the high speed lines regardless of location.
Bought a policy last week which allows me to 'cancel for any reason'. This covers up to 75% (as noted above), and, of course, I had to pay up for this coverage.
Buying airline tickets is a 'game'. I have found that the prices can change almost daily, and it does not matter which site you use to buy on. Because of this I have learned to check pricing almost every day, and when I see a 'good' price I book it. I do not expect, or think, that I will be...
There would be many options on how to handle this.
Direct flights from the US, best I know, only go into Madrid and Barcelona....or Lisbon and perhaps Porto in Portugal. From Madrid you could fly into Santiago and take bus (or maybe train) to Sarria. However, it would be less complicated to fly...
If I recall correctly, tickets aren't available until 90 days before? Make sure that you are on a website that offers tickets for that route - e.g., i am currently looking for tickets from Madrid to Olviedo (Camino Primitivo), and Renfe does not run a direct train for that route, but Alvia does...
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